Sains Malaysiana 53(10)(2024): 3433-3443

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5310-16

Perbandingan Kaedah Ekstraksi Mikroplastik dalam Makanan Terproses Budu menggunakan Air Suling dan Kalium Hidroksida

(Comparison of Microplastic Extraction Methods in Processed Food Budu using Distilled Water and Potassium Hydroxide)

AZWAN MAT LAZIM^1,2,*, NAHRUSYIFA ABDUL KARIM¹ & NURFARAH DYANA BAKRI¹

¹Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia dan Teknologi Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 

²Polymer Research Centre (PORCE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600

UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 25 Mac 2024/Diterima: 28 Ogos 2024

Abstrak

Pencemaran mikroplastik di dalam makanan yang diproses masih kurang mendapat perhatian. Kaedah estraksi mikroplastik daripada sampel makanan juga masih belum meluas terutama bagi sampel makanan yang melalui proses pembuatan yang kompleks seperti budu. Penggunaan bahan kimia semasa proses pengestrakkan mikroplastik berpotensi menyebabkan kehilangan mikroplastik. Oleh itu, kajian ini membandingkan keberkesanan kaedah ekstraksi menggunakan air suling dan larutan kalium hidroksida (KOH) untuk proses ekstraksi mikroplastik daripada lima jenis sampel budu yang berbeza. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa air suling mampu mengekstrak mikroplastik namun tidak cukup berkesan dalam mengurai bahan organik pada sampel budu yang mengganggu proses pengenalpastian mikroplastik. Penambahan larutan kimia seperti KOH adalah perlu untuk membantu memudahkan proses pengenalpastian mikroplastik. Jumlah mikroplastik yang ditemui dalam kesemua sampel budu adalah rendah, dengan kehadiran sebanyak 19 zarah mikroplastik. Walau bagaimanapun, kehadiran mikroplastik jenis nilon dan logam berat mungkin akan menimbulkan kebimbangan terhadap potensi impaknya kepada kesihatan manusia. Kajian ini menekankan pentingnya pengawalan pencemaran mikroplastik melalui teknik penyediaan yang terkawal dan pemantauan yang tekal dalam industri pemprosesan makanan di Malaysia.

Kata kunci: Budu; ikan bilis; mikroplastik

Abstract

Microplastic contamination in processed foods has received limited attention. Moreover, extraction methods for microplastics from food samples are not yet widespread, especially for food samples that undergo complex manufacturing processes, such as budu. The use of chemicals during the microplastic extraction process has the potential to cause microplastic loss. Therefore, this study compares the effectiveness of extraction methods using distilled water and potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to extract microplastics from five different samples of budu. The results show that while distilled water can extract microplastics, it is not sufficiently effective in digesting organic matter in budu samples, which hinders the identification process of microplastics. Therefore, the addition of chemical solutions like KOH is necessary to facilitate the identification process. The amount of microplastics found in budu is low, with a total presence of 19 microplastics particles. However, the presence of nylon microplastics and heavy metals may raise concerns about their potential impact on human health. This study underscores the importance of controlling microplastic pollution through controlled preparation techniques and consistent monitoring in the food processing industry in Malaysia.

Keywords: Anchovy sauce; budu; microplastic

RUJUKAN

Agamuthu, P., Mehran, S.B., Norkhairah, A. & Norkhairiyah, A. 2019. Marine debris: A review of impacts and global initiatives. Waste Management and Research 37(10): 987-1002.

Ahmed, M.B., Rahman, M.S., Alom, J., Hasan, M.S., Johir, M.A.H., Mondal, M.I.H., Lee, D.Y., Park, J., Zhou, J.L. & Yoon, M.H. 2021. Microplastic particles in the aquatic environment: A systematic review. Science of the Total Environment 775: 145793.

Ambrogi, V., Carfagna, C., Cerruti, P. & Marturano, V. 2017. Additives in polymers. In Modification of Polymer Properties, edited by Jasso-Gastinel, C.F. & Kenny, J.M.  Norwich: William Andrew Publishing. hlm. 87-108.

Anon.  2024. Budu Cap Ketereh: Pengeluar Budu Terbesar di Malaysia. Kelantan Click.

Arthur, C., Baker, J. & Bamford, H. 2009. Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9-11, 2008, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.

Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. 2014. Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions. Environmental Pollution 185: 16-23.

Borges-Ramírez, M.M., Mendoza-Franco, E.F., Escalona-Segura, G. & Rendón von-Osten, J. 2020. Plastic density as a key factor in the presence of microplastic in the gastrointestinal tract of commercial fishes from Campeche Bay, Mexico. Environmental Pollution 267: 115659.

Carpenter, E.J., Anderson, S.J., Harvey, G.R., Miklas, H.P. & Peck, B.B. 1972. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science 178(4062): 749-750.

Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T.S. 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62(12): 2588-2597.

Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Compère, P., Eppe, G., Das, K., Jauniaux, T. & Parmentier, E. 2017. Microplastics in livers of European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.). Environmental Pollution 229: 1000-1005.

Collard, F., Gilbert, B., Eppe, G., Parmentier, E. & Das, K. 2015. Detection of anthropogenic particles in fish stomachs: An isolation method adapted to identification by Raman spectroscopy. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 69(3): 331-339.

Critchell, K. & Hoogenboom, M.O. 2018. Effects of microplastic exposure on the body condition and behaviour of planktivorous reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus). PLoS ONE 13(3): e0306682.

Desforges, J.P.W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N. & Ross, P.S. 2014. Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79(1-2): 94-99.

Ding, J., Sun, C., Li, J., Shi, H., Xu, X. & Ju, P. 2022. Microplastics in global bivalve mollusks: A call for protocol standardization microplastics in global bivalve mollusks: A call for protocol standardization. Journal of Hazardous Materials 438: 129490.

Fu, L., Li, J., Wang, G., Luan, Y. & Dai, W. 2021. Adsorption behavior of organic pollutants on microplastics. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 217: 112207.

Godoy, V., Blázquez, G., Calero, M., Quesada, L. & Martín-Lara, M.A. 2019. The potential of microplastics as carriers of metals. Environmental Pollution 255(Part 3): 113363.

Granek, E.F., Brander, S.M. & Holland, E.B. 2020. Microplastics in aquatic organisms: Improving understanding and identifying research directions for the next decade. Limnology and Oceanography Letters 5(1): 1-4.

Hartmann, N.B., Hüffer, T., Thompson, R.C., Hassellöv, M., Verschoor, A., Daugaard, A.E., Rist, S., Karlsson, T., Brennholt, N., Cole, M., Herrling, M.P., Hess, M.C., Ivleva, N.P., Lusher, A.L. & Wagner, M. 2019. Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris. Environmental Science and Technology 53(3): 1039-1047.

Jaafar, N., Musa, S.M., Azfaralariff, A., Mohamed, M., Yusoff, A.H. & Lazim, A.M.  2020. Improving the efficiency of post-digestion method in extracting microplastics from gastrointestinal tract and gills of fish. Chemosphere 260: 127649.

Joyce, P.W.S. & Falkenberg, L.J. 2022. Microplastic abundances in co-occurring marine mussels: Species and spatial differences. Regional Studies in Marine Science 57: 102730.

Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Choo, C.K., Romano, N., Ho, Y.B. & Salamatinia, B. 2017. A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Science of the Total Environment 578: 485-494.

Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Ho, Y.B., Larat, V. & Salamatinia, B. 2017. Microplastics in eviscerated flesh and excised organs of dried fish. Scientific Reports 7: 5473.

Kühn, S., van Werven, B., van Oyen, A., Meijboom, A., Bravo Rebolledo, E.L. & van Franeker, J.A. 2017. The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 115(1-2): 86-90.

Lusher, A.L., Bråte, I.L.N., Munno, K., Hurley, R.R. & Natalie, A. 2020. Is it or isn’t it: The importance of visual classification in. Applied Spectroscopy 74(9): 1139-1153.

Milani, A. 2015. Unpolarized and polarized Raman spectroscopy of nylon-6 polymorphs: A quantum chemical approach. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 119(9): 3868-3874.

Miller, E., Klasios, N., Lin, D., Sedlak, M., Sutton, R. & Rochman, C. 2019. Microparticles, Microplastics, and PAHs in Bivalves in San Francisco Bay. SFEI Contribution No. 976. Richmond: San Francisco Estuary Institute. hlm. 1-37.

Mohamed, H.N., Man, Y.C., Mustafa, S. & Manap, Y.A. 2012. Tentative identification of volatile flavor compounds in commercial budu, a Malaysian fish sauce, using GC-MS. Molecules 17(5): 5062-5080.

Möller, J.N., Löder, M.G.J. & Laforsch, C. 2020. Finding microplastics in soils: A review of analytical methods. Environmental Science and Technology 54(4): 2078-2090.

Muhammad Husin, M.J., Mazlan, N., Shalom, J., Saud, S.N. & Abdullah Sani, M.S. 2021. Evaluation of microplastics ingested by sea cucumber Stichopus horrens in Pulau Pangkor, Perak, Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28(43): 61592-61600.

Ningrum, E.W., Patria, M.P. & Sedayu, A. 2019. Ingestion of microplastics by anchovies from Talisayan harbor, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402: 033072.

Phuong, N.N., Poirier, L., Pham, Q.T., Lagarde, F. & Zalouk-Vergnoux, A. 2018. Factors influencing the microplastic contamination of bivalves from the French Atlantic coast: Location, season and/or mode of life? Marine Pollution Bulletin 129(2): 664-674.

Pozo, K., Urbina, W., Gómez, V., Torres, M., Nuñez, D., Přibylová, P., Audy, O., Clarke, B., Arias, A., Tombesi, N., Guida, Y. & Klánová, J. 2020. Persistent organic pollutants sorbed in plastic resin pellet - “Nurdles” from coastal areas of Central Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin 151: 110786.

Ramasamy, B.S.S. & Palanisamy, S. 2021. A review on occurrence, characteristics, toxicology and treatment of nanoplastic waste in the environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28(32): 43258-43273.

Revel, M., Châtel, A., Perrein-Ettajani, H., Bruneau, M., Akcha, F., Sussarellu, R., Rouxel, J., Costil, K., Decottignies, P., Cognie, B., Lagarde, F. & Mouneyrac, C. 2020. Realistic environmental exposure to microplastics does not induce biological effects in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150: 110627.

Smith, M., Love, D.C., Rochman, C.M. & Neff, R.A. 2018. Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environmental Health Reports 5(3): 375-386.

Sussarellu, R., Suquet, M., Thomas, Y., Lambert, C., Fabioux, C., Pernet, M.E.J., Goïc, N. Le, Quillien, V., Mingant, C., Epelboin, Y., Corporeau, C., Guyomarch, J., Robbens, J., Paul-Pont, I., Soudant, P. & Huvet, A. 2016. Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(9): 2430-2435.

Thiele, C.J., Hudson, M.D. & Russell, A.E. 2019. Evaluation of existing methods to extract microplastics from bivalve tissue: Adapted KOH digestion protocol improves filtration at single-digit pore size. Marine Pollution Bulletin 142: 384-393.

Yang Hwi, T., Shuaib Ibrahim, Y. & Wan Mohd Khalik, W.M.A. 2020. Microplastic abundance, distribution, and composition in Sungai Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 49(7): 1479-1490.

Zhang, S., Yang, X., Gertsen, H., Peters, P., Salánki, T. & Geissen, V. 2018. A simple method for the extraction and identification of light density microplastics from soil. Science of the Total Environment 616-617: 1056-1065.

Zhao, S., Danley, M., Ward, J.E., Li, D. & Mincer, T.J. 2017. An approach for extraction, characterization and quantitation of microplastic in natural marine snow using Raman microscopy. Analytical Methods 9(9): 1470-1478.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: azwanlazim@ukm.edu.my